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Secure Act 2.0

Retirement Planning > Saving for Retirement > 401(k) Plans

8 Ways Secure 2.0 Act Affects Retirement Plans

By Nick Strain

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What You Need to Know

  • The legislation's 92 different provisions include some advantageous changes, and some that will present logistical headaches.
  • Provisions effective in 2023 include tax credits for small businesses and financial incentives for employees.
  • 2024 will see changes to RMDs, student loan repayments and catch-up contributions.

At year’s end, the Setting Every Community Up for Retirement Enhancement (Secure) 2.0 Act was passed and signed into law, with significant changes to retirement plan rules.

Secure Act 2.0 has an incredible 92 different provisions. The main purpose of this law is to increase employee participation in companies’ retirement plans. It provides incentives to small businesses to create retirement plans and makes automatic enrollment the default for newly hired employees in 2025 (older plans are exempt, which I’ll discuss below). There’s also an automatic contribution escalation feature that would increase an employee’s contribution amount by 1% per year.

Some of these rules provide advantages for businesses launching a retirement plan, and some tweaks will likely present logistical headaches. There are staggered start dates for different provisions, and the below provides an overview of eight of the most impactful changes, in order of their effective dates.

Secure 2.0 Provisions Effective in 2023

1. Tax credits for small businesses to start a retirement plan.

The act provides for a tax credit for companies with 50 or fewer employees for 100% of the startup and annual administration retirement plan costs for the first three years of a plan, up to a maximum of $5,000 a year.

Tax credits can be received for employer contributions that go toward employees. These will match up to $1,000 per employee for employer contributions; they apply only to employees who make less than $100,000. These tax credits are available for the first five years of a new plan.

2. Support for small financial incentives to employees for contributing to a retirement plan.

The act now allows for “de minimis” financial incentives to employees who contribute to the retirement plan. For example, an employer can incentivize new employees to sign up and start contributing to their retirement plans with a gift card.

3. Increased qualified longevity annuity contract (QLAC) maximum.

Current rules allow for up to 25% of a participant’s retirement plan balance, or a maximum of $145,000, to go toward purchasing a qualified longevity annuity contract. The new rule allows for up to $200,000 to be invested in a QLAC.

QLACs are very interesting and probably underutilized as retirement vehicles. You buy into a QLAC with a single premium (for example, a $100,000 purchase), then you decide when you want the deferred annuity to start. The longer you wait, the higher the annual annuity amount you will receive, with a maximum deferral age of 85.

Here’s a potential advantage: Funds invested in a QLAC are not subject to required minimum distribution calculations. This can be beneficial for participants with large retirement balances who don’t expect to need to take large distributions from their retirement plan once they retire.

Secure 2.0 Provisions Effective in 2024

4. Roth 401(k) RMD rule change.

Prior to the Secure 2.0 Act, Roth 401(k) and 403(b) accounts were subject to RMDs, while Roth IRAs were not. This new rule will make Roth 401(k) and 403(b) balances not subject to RMD rules. 

5. A new matching rule for employees who hold student loans.

Employers will be able to adopt a new matching rule that acknowledges that some of their employees who are repaying large student loans are unable to make retirement plan contributions as well. This new rule would allow companies to count an employee’s student loan payment as a retirement match — and make a matching contribution into their retirement plan for that employee.

6. Emergency savings provision.

The Senate Finance Committee’s research indicated that nearly 60% of Americans who have a retirement account and have no emergency savings have had to make withdrawals from their retirement accounts.

As a result, the act would create an emergency savings account within retirement accounts that can hold up to $2,500. A participant can pull out $1,000 per year for emergencies tax-free — and they can repay those withdrawals to rebuild their emergency savings account in the future. These funds would be after-tax (like a Roth) so contributions would be after-tax, and distributions would be tax-free.

7. Changes to 401(k) catch-up contributions.

Catch-up contributions will be increased significantly starting in 2024, but the rules will be more complex. Employees who are between 60 and 63 years old will be allowed a larger catch-up contribution of the greater of $10,000 or 150% of the “standard” catch-up contribution amount for 2024. (That amount is $7,500 for 2023.) The limit will be adjusted annually for inflation starting in 2026.

Optional change: The employer match can go toward an after-tax Roth 401(k) portion.

More complexities: If a participant is at least 50 years old and earned more than $145,000 in wages, any catch-up contributions to their retirement plan will only be allowed to go into their after-tax Roth account. If the person is at least 50 years old and makes less than $145,000, they can continue to make pre-tax catch-up contributions. Retirement plan platforms will need to add intelligence and processes into their systems to comply with this new rule, which is why there is a delay until 2024 to give organizations time to update their systems.

8. Changes to part-time employees’ plan eligibility.

Part-time employees’ eligibility to participate in a company’s retirement plan has been moved ahead from three years to two years, and the requirement for hours worked per year has been decreased from 1,000 to 500 hours a year.

Taken altogether, the Secure 2.0 Act’s changes could have a meaningful effect on your company and your employees’ retirement security. There are additional automatic enrollment and automatic escalation features that will be required for new plans in 2025, which will require additional planning.

Schedule a meeting with your retirement plan advisor and third-party administrator to see how Secure Act 2.0 affects your plan and what changes to make in your plan, and to set up a strategic plan for changes that will need to be made in the next two or three years.

Nick Strain, CFP, CPWA, CEPA, AIF, is a senior wealth advisor and Chair of the Wealth Advisory Committee at Halbert Hargrove.

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(Image: Chris Nicholls/ALM)

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